Same Sex Unions Essays - Gender, Human Behavior, Human Sexuality

Same Sex Unions Essays - Gender, Human Behavior, Human Sexuality Same Sex Unions Book Review: Same Sex Unions in Premodern Europe by John Boswell The question of same-sex unions and their legitimacy in many different societies is a topic that has been hotly debated for centuries. One society in particular is pre-modern Europe. Noted author and historian Dr. John Boswell looks extensively at the topic of same-sex unions in his book Same Sex Unions in Premodern Europe. Dr. Boswell argues extensively in his book that the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches not only sanctioned unions between partners of the same sex, but actually sanctified them. This critique examines some specific aspects of the book, and analyzes them. Before an analysis of the Same Sex Unions in Premodern Europe can be evaluated, its important to know a little about the author himself and what he stood for. Dr. Boswell was a professor at Yale University and Chairman of Yales history department for many years. He was an award winning scholar, author and historian. In addition to writing Same Sex Unions in Premodern Europe he also wrote several other works such as Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality. Two of his greatest professional achievements included being a Woodrow Wilson Fellow and a Fulbright scholar. It is his extensive training as a Historian and an understanding of his own homosexuality that gave him unique insight into the writing of Same Sex Unions in Premodern Europe. In Same Sex Unions in Modern Europe, Boswell takes a highly controversial position in saying that the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches actually sanctified same sex unions, while at the same time, presenting his viewpoints in such a way that any well educated historian would very carefully. He almost contradicts himself at several points in the book and mentions that his ideas are subject to debate among his peers. Boswell, in writing this book has essentially established a Premodern Europe where heterosexual marriage was largely ignored by pagans and discouraged by the church. Also, according to Boswell, men would essentially pair off in order to perform duties that were considered essential to society such as war, trade, education, friendship, etc. As Boswell puts it it is hardly surprising that there should been a Christian solemnizing same sex unions. I do not agree with him on this premise, although homosexuality has existed in animal species and in humans since the beginnings of our existence, how can he be so bold as to assume that the majority of these supposed pairs were homosexual? In my opinion that broad of a statement is like saying that any two men that shake hands or embrace must automatically be gay. There is a second specific point that I wish to point out with regards to medieval priest and the monastic life. Boswell points out in Same Sex Unions in Premodern Europe that young boys caught performing homosexual acts were punished by being sent to a monastery. Was this meant as punishment to deprive these boys of their youth or to isolate them from the supposed forces that made them perform these acts? Boswell points out in any event, being placed with monks was likely to provide the best environment to locate other men romantically interested in their own gender. Thats all well and good, but he undermines his own thesis here. If the Christian Right of the time so vehemently supported same sex unions, then why would boys who engaged in same-sex acts be punished at all? Should not they be encouraged to be homosexual? Boswell not only mildly contradicts himself here, he goes a step further and practically destroys his own thesis. Through reading Same Sex Unions in Premodern Europe, relating it to my own experiences as a history major, and gay male, not to mention discussions in class, I do not believe that same sex unions were as heavily sanctioned in Premodern Europe by churches as Boswell would have us believe. It is my opinion that there have fluctuations between then and now as to exactly how much homosexuality is tolerated by the so-called mainstream society. There were places such as Ancient Greece where it was accepted and modern day liberal locations such as San Francisco, California that have a large gay/lesbian population. In both places both in the past

Definition and Examples of Exonyms and Endonyms

Definition and Examples of Exonyms and Endonyms An exonym is a place name  that isnt used by the people who live in that place but that is used by others. Also spelled  xenonym. Paul Woodman has defined exonym as a toponym bestowed from the outside, and in a language from the outside (in Exonyms and the International Standardisation of Geographical Names, 2007).  For example, Warsaw is the English exonym for  the capital of Poland, which the Polish people call  Warszawa.  Vienna is the English exonym for the German and Austrian Wien. In contrast,  a  locally used toponym- that is, a  name used by a group of people to refer to themselves or  their region (as opposed to a name given to them by others)- is called an endonym (or  autonym).  For example,  Kà ¶ln  is a German endonym while  Cologne  is the English  exonym  for  Kà ¶ln. Commentary Europes second-longest river is the Danubethe English exonym for  Donau (in German), Dunaj (in Slovak), and Duna (in Hungarian).Berber  derives from the ultimate exonym  (i.e. a name given by outsiders): the Greek word barbaroi, which mimicked the foreignness of a language by  rendering it as something akin to blah-blah. From it, we get barbarian, as well as Barbary (as in Barbary Coast, Barbary  Pirates, and Barbary apes). In current usage, many exonyms can be considered insensitive (Gypsy, Lapp, Hottentot) and preference is given to the endonym (Roma, Saami, Khoi-San).(Frank Jacobs, All Hail Azawad. The New York Times, April 10, 2012)  [T]he English language exonym Mecca has been shown to be unacceptable to many Arab experts, who are uncomfortable with any alteration to the toponym of the holy place Makkah.(Paul Woodman, Exonyms: A Structural Classification and a Fresh Approach, in Exonyms and the International Standardisation of Geographical Names, ed. by Adami Jordan, et al. LIT Verlag, 2007) Reasons for the Existence of Exonyms - There are three main reasons for the existence of exonyms. The first is historical. In many cases, explorers, unaware of existing place names, or colonizers and military conquerors unmindful of them, gave names in their own languages to geographical features having native names...The second reason for exonyms stems from problems of pronunciation...There is a third reason. If a geographical feature extends over more than one country it may have a different name in each. (Naftali Kadmon, Toponymy- Theory, and Practice of Geographical Names, in Basic Cartography for Students and Technicians, ed. by R. W. Anson, et al. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1996)-  English uses relatively few exonyms for European cities, especially ones it has come up with on its own ( not borrowed); this may be explained by geographic isolation. This could also explain the low number of exonyms that other languages use for English cities. (Jarno Raukko, A Linguistic Classification of Eponyms, in Exonyms, ed. by Adami Jordan, et al. 2007) Toponyms, Endonyms, and Exonyms - For a  toponym  to be defined as an  exonym, there must exist a minimum degree of difference between it and the corresponding  endonym... The omission of diacritical marks usually does not turn an endonym into an exonym: Sao Paulo (for So Paulo); Malaga (for Mlaga) or Amman (for Ê ¿AmmÄ n) are not considered exonyms. (United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names,  Manual for the National Standardization of Geographical Names. United Nations Publications, 2006)- If an important topographic feature is located or contained entirely within a single country, most good world atlases and maps print the  endonym  as the primary name, with the translation or conversion into the language of the atlas either in brackets or in smaller type. If a feature transcends political boundaries, and especially if it carries different names in the different countries, or if it lies outside the territorial waters of any one country- exonymisation or translation into the target language of the atlas or map is almost always resorted to. (Naftali Kadmon, Toponymy- Theory, and Practice of Geographical Names, in  Basic Cartography for Students and Technicians, edited by R. W. Anson, et al. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1996) Further Reading Name That  -nymNationality WordOnomasticsProper Name

A Respectable Actress Does Not Have a Blind Side Essay

A Respectable Actress Does Not Have a Blind Side - Essay Example Soundtracks for The Blind Side were written by Alan Wilson and performed by Canned Heat. The Blind Side features Michael Other, a homeless teenager who is adopted by a wealthy and conservative family in the suburbs of Memphis, Tennessee. Michael is positioned as one of the most promising prospects in college football due to his natural athletic skills and the perseverant and unconditional support of his new family (IMDb). Michael Other (Quinton Aaron), a homeless teenager who has been running away from different host families in Memphis, Tennessee, is staying temporarily at one of his friend’s father sofas. Fascinated by Michael’s athletic skills and corporal features, and despite his academic insufficiencies, Burt Cotton (Ray McKinnon) helps Michael to get admitted to Wingate Christian School where he coaches. A friendly and smart little boy called Sean Jr. ‘SJ’ (Jae Head) approaches Michael at school while waiting for his mother to pick him up. Although t his is their first encounter, they meet once more when SJ’s father Sean Tuohy (Tim McGraw) is driving the family home. Leigh Anne Tuohy (Sandra Bullock) is moved by the image of ‘big Mike’ shivering in the cold while walking in direction to the school gym to spend the night, therefore, she asks him to stay at their comfortable house in the suburbs of Memphis. Gradually the Tuohy family becomes Michael’s new family. Leigh Anne is a multitasking, persuasive and strong-minded professional and house-wife, working from home as an interior designer. She is very inquisitive woman and when seeking to become Michael’s legal guardian, she finds out he was cruelly separated from his drug-addicted mother when he was seven years old. The brutal separation from his mother caused a strong impression on Michael, who eventually developed resilient ‘protective instincts’. The protective nature of Michael gives him the opportunity to become one of the mos t highly prospects in college football. Michael is a leader on the field. The only problem is that in order to be accepted at NCAA Division I scholarship, Michael should improve his GPA which he does with the help of some teachers and a personal tutor, Miss Sue (Kathy Bates), hired by the Tuohy. Leigh Anne makes it clear that she prefers the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) because she and Sean are alumni of this university; and, in a rather indirect and persuasive way, she convinces Michael to commit to Ole Miss. As a result both Michael and the family Tuohy become the subject of an investigation of the NCAA. During the interview to find out Michael’s reasons to choose Ole Miss, Michael understands the game played by Leigh Anne to influence him; he gets angry at her and decides to return to his mother. Michael comes back to the Tuohy family after Leigh Anne approaches him and asks to forgive her. The inquiry conducted by the NCAA does not progress because Michael is rela xed and able to overcome all the questions from the investigator. The Blind Side makes a stereotypical portrayal of American families and society. A white, middle-class family becomes the worthy protector of a poor, huge, illiterate black teenager. Both, Leigh Anne and Sean (a prosperous businessman) are the parents of a beautiful teenager Collins and

Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Media - Essay Example the formation of social media and the Internet. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relationship of Media and Middle East and how it has transformed in the past decades. Furthermore, the paper will discuss the emergence of social media as a major forum that has built people’s perspectives during and after the Arab Spring. In order to understand Middle East (the Arab specifically and comprehensively), the relationship of the media and the state’s culture and its politics should be understood. For more than forty years, mass media authority has built the region. Utilizing the numerous communications models, the centralized government of the region has perfectly ruled the mass media. It is evidenced through history that the Middle East had had rough relationships with its media. The Emirs of different Arab states due to Sharia Laws and other reasons shut down numerous media agencies. Despite the freedom given to the media, different media organizations including BBC were closed down in the Middle East as it was against the laws and Islam (Al-Obaidi). However, over the past few years, it has been noticed that the trend is transforming and the acceptance towards media across the Middle East is increasing. The shift has been observed since the beginning of the Arab Spring (Carrington). The events that took place in various countries of the Middle East from 2010 has transformed the way people think and believe. The role of social media in the Arab spring is dominating and its importance can not be denied as various scholars and researchers have shown that many revolutions started through social media i.e. Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, etc. (Gelvanovska, Rogy and Rossotto). Despite the fact that these social media forums were banned in many countries of the Middle East for this particular reason, the Arab Spring continued and many governments were brought down

José Rizal Essay Example for Free

Josà © Rizal Essay Jose left Calamba for Binan to study under the instruction of Maestro Justaniano Aquino Cruz. His days in school were full of memories and It is where he develop his skills in painting and the arts of wrestling. He was also the best student in their school. Jose surpassed all the Binan boys. It contributed for the love of independence in Jose. At that tender age, he was able to control himself. Although he was struck by homesickness but diverted the feeling of nostalgia in developing talents and focused more in his academic studies. I remember when I was in my elementary years. Sometimes, I was left alone by my parents. I just use my time by coloring books and playing with my friends. This activity helps me in identifying colors and building harmonious relationship with others. December 1871 Jose went to Calamba, his home town, where he was welcomed home by his parents, brothers, and sisters. He also spent his Christmas in Calamba. He was given a chance to celebrate with his family the Christmas on 1871. He even shared his experience in Binan. Christmas and other holidays would be merrier when we spend it with our family especially when we exchanges jokes and stories. January 1872  The Cavity Mutiny flared up, followed by the execution of Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora on February 17th. Paciano was deeply affected with the execution of his friend. As a sympathy and protest against the injustice of Spanish authorities, he quit studies and went back to Calamba. This was the period when Jose’s determination to consecrate his life to combat the evil forces of his times despite of his tender age. As a Filipino, I too, is greatly affected by this event because it shows injustice and racial discrimination because Filipino priest were considered inferior and given limited assignments. They were not allowed to hold parishes. June 1872 The hero’s mother was accused and arrested on malicious charge that she aided her brother, Jose Alberto, in trying to poison Alberto’s wife. She was forced to walk on foot from Calamba to Santa Cruz. Jose Rizal experienced the injustice of the Spanish authorities. This event in his life was inculcated in his mind and opened his eyes to reality and dreamed to have equality between Filipinos and Spaniards before the law. This event shows how Spaniards manipulate justice for their own benefit. This will also leave a message to the reader not to trust anyone be June 1872 to 1873 Jose entered Ateneo Municipal. He was at first put at the tail of the class, but he was soon promoted and kept on being promoted so that at the end of one month he had attained to the rank of Emperor. At the end of the term he obtained marks of excellent in all the subjects and in the examinations. . He had reason to feel proud of his advancement; and so when he went home on vacation that year, he ran alone to see his mother in the prison and tell her the happy news. Jose shows that he can do better even when he is Second year in Ateneo (1873 to 1874) The second year, Jose had the same professor as in the previous year; but instead of lodging outside the City, he resided at No. 6 Calle Magallanes. At the end of the term he obtained a medal, and upon returning to his town, he again visited his mother in jail alone. This was three months before her release. Third year in Ateneo (1874-1875) Rizal family was happy because Dona Teodora was released from prison however, Rizal returned dissatisfied to his hometown because he only won one medal. He failed to win a medal in Spanish because his spoken Spanish was not that fluent. A Spaniard who delivered Spanish with fluency and right accentuation defeated him. He studied harder this year and regained his leadership composure and became an emperor again. Fourth Year in Ateneo (1875-1876) Rizal obtained five medals, which pleased him immensely because with them I could repay my father somewhat for his sacrifices. Last Year in Ateneo (1876-1877) Rizal was considered as â€Å"the pride of the Jesuits† because he was the most brilliant Atenean of his times.

The Anatomy of a Roller Coaster Essay -- Amusement Parks Rides Essays

The Anatomy of a Roller Coaster To adequately understand the relationship between physics and roller coasters, it is essential to first describe and explain the basic structure of roller coasters. In simple terms, a roller coaster is much like that of a passenger train. To explain, a roller coaster consists of a series of connected cars that move on tracks. However, unlike a train, a roller coaster has no engine, or rather a power source of its own. There are two major types of roller coasters, characterized mainly by their track structure. The tracks of wooden roller coasters are similar to those of traditional railroad tracks, as metal wheels of the roller coaster roll on a flat metal strip that is bolted to a sturdy running track made of laminated wood (How Roller Coasters Work). A majority of wooden roller coasters have the same wheel design as that of a train, where the inner part of the wheel has a wide lip that prevents the car from rolling off the side of the track. Additionally, wooden roller coasters also have another set of wheels that run underneath the track, keeping the cars from flying up into the air. Wooden coaster tracks are braced by wooden crossties and diagonal support beams; the entire track structure rests on an intricate lattice of wooden or steel beams (How Roller Coasters Work). With the wooden roller coaster structure, designers can combine hills, twists, and turns into an infinite variety of course la youts. In wooden roller coasters, however, the exhilarating motion is mainly up and down. The second type of major roller coaster, based on tubular steel tracks, was introduced in the 1950s. Consisting of a pair of long steel tubes, this particular track structure is supported by a sturdy, l... ...), roller coaster designers incorporate tight fits and near misses to create the sensation that the rider is traveling through the structure at out-of-control speeds. In review, in relation to the anatomy, basic workings, and sensations found in roller coasters, physics definitely plays a critical role. More specifically, without the laws of physics, or rather the incorporation of physics, roller coasters would be unknown to the world of entertainment. With the incorporation of physics, roller coaster designers have been able to create better, faster, and more unimaginable thrills with complete accuracy and safety. As mentioned previously, although physics is found in essentially every facet of life, I would like to believe that the majority of entertainment-seeking enthusiasts are grateful that the application of physics isn’t simply restricted to the classroom. The Anatomy of a Roller Coaster Essay -- Amusement Parks Rides Essays The Anatomy of a Roller Coaster To adequately understand the relationship between physics and roller coasters, it is essential to first describe and explain the basic structure of roller coasters. In simple terms, a roller coaster is much like that of a passenger train. To explain, a roller coaster consists of a series of connected cars that move on tracks. However, unlike a train, a roller coaster has no engine, or rather a power source of its own. There are two major types of roller coasters, characterized mainly by their track structure. The tracks of wooden roller coasters are similar to those of traditional railroad tracks, as metal wheels of the roller coaster roll on a flat metal strip that is bolted to a sturdy running track made of laminated wood (How Roller Coasters Work). A majority of wooden roller coasters have the same wheel design as that of a train, where the inner part of the wheel has a wide lip that prevents the car from rolling off the side of the track. Additionally, wooden roller coasters also have another set of wheels that run underneath the track, keeping the cars from flying up into the air. Wooden coaster tracks are braced by wooden crossties and diagonal support beams; the entire track structure rests on an intricate lattice of wooden or steel beams (How Roller Coasters Work). With the wooden roller coaster structure, designers can combine hills, twists, and turns into an infinite variety of course la youts. In wooden roller coasters, however, the exhilarating motion is mainly up and down. The second type of major roller coaster, based on tubular steel tracks, was introduced in the 1950s. Consisting of a pair of long steel tubes, this particular track structure is supported by a sturdy, l... ...), roller coaster designers incorporate tight fits and near misses to create the sensation that the rider is traveling through the structure at out-of-control speeds. In review, in relation to the anatomy, basic workings, and sensations found in roller coasters, physics definitely plays a critical role. More specifically, without the laws of physics, or rather the incorporation of physics, roller coasters would be unknown to the world of entertainment. With the incorporation of physics, roller coaster designers have been able to create better, faster, and more unimaginable thrills with complete accuracy and safety. As mentioned previously, although physics is found in essentially every facet of life, I would like to believe that the majority of entertainment-seeking enthusiasts are grateful that the application of physics isn’t simply restricted to the classroom.

Public Education Essay

A free public education is one of the many aspects of American culture that makes it one of the most desirable countries in which to live.   In fact, education in America has been a standard duty of the government, particularly the states, since public schools were begun in the days of the pilgrims and pioneers.   Unfortunately, as the years progressed, education became more complex and more rigidly structured. Conversely, achievement seemed to lag behind the acceptable level.   Therefore, learning for learning’s sake was replaced by the trend towards higher and higher standardized test scores.   Bush’s No Child Left Behind (NCLB) mandate pushed schools and teachers into greater accountability processes.   Schools created scripted curriculum guides that left little room for creativity.   The competitive march towards the highest scale score was on!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unfortunately, to the school systems, its employees and its students, failure to march properly carried stiff penalties.   Schools faced a variety of sanctions if scores did not rise to the appropriate level or at the appropriate rate.   First, schools faced state or even federal intervention. Evaluative and prescriptive teams would enter the schools to mandate changes in policy, curriculum and even staffing.   Another obstacle was parental choice.   For the wealthier, private schools have been an alternative to lagging public schools for years, but in the early 1990s, the school voucher plan made this option viable to a wider spectrum of families.   Ultimately, the voucher propositions never passed the state legislatures (Pipho, 1994). A few years later, charter schools developed outside the sphere of both public and private schools.   These charter schools developed as a way to reform schools and received funds from private organizations and business.   The idea took off even though researchers are quick to note that charter schools have done little to raise test scores (Vine, 1997)   Lastly, the idea of merit pay directly appealed to the pocketbooks of teachers and administrators by offering monetary reward for good scores.   While observers feel it is wrong to base a teacher’s pay just on his test scores, researchers feel that â€Å"because the amounts involved are relatively small, it’s worth experimenting†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Keller, 2006).   Each of these new options moved American education closer and closer to the idea of privatizing schools.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The privatization of schools has now expanded to include the realm of educational consulting.   These high-paid individuals are hired by the school systems to aid individual schools in planning strategies for curriculum, classroom management, discipline, finance, and teacher recruiting, to name a few (Sheffer, 2002).   In 1994, the Minneapolis school system became the first to hire a consulting firm to run their district.   In California, the state superintendent of public instruction was a man who had a background in business as a consultant who helps financially ailing corporations (Pipho, 1994). In 1997, Phyllis Vine reported that twenty-eight states had passed legislation to provide for the hiring of management companies.   In the last nine years that number has grown, with both positive and negative reactions from the customers.   Teachers complained that the new curriculum was too restrictive and gave them no freedom to teach what they wanted.   The consultant responded by asserting that restrictiveness was needed to get the teachers, kids and schools back on track (Hayden, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The decision to link private business to school systems does make sense for some.   Sheffer notes that â€Å"the obvious similarities between academic work and consulting are the emphasis on analytic thinking, writing and the focus on research† (2002) Thus, more and more states are turning to educational consulting firms to help them refocus on their educational goals.   On such state is Mississippi.   Mississippi, as a state, has typically been at the bottom of lists comparing states’ educational achievements.   In the 2005 Smartest State rankings published by Morgan Quitno Press, Mississippi fell two spots from the previous year to 49th   (â€Å"Vermont,2005†). Spencer, (2004), attempts to explain the state’s low achievement and scores by pointing to the socioeconomic and achievement gaps between white students and minority students.   Even in younger grades, the black and Hispanic subgroups lagged behind the white students in language and reading.   In middle school, the gap widened alarmingly.   Ninety-six of white students scored at proficiency or better in language, and 94% scored at this same level in reading. But Hispanic students’ numbers were 9 percentage points lower in both areas than whites, while black students were 8 points lower in language and 19 points lower in reading.   He goes on to note that the problem got progressively worse in the 1990s.   Overall, by high school, â€Å"only one in 50 Hispanic and black 17-year-olds can read and gain information from specialized text-such as the science section of a newspaper – compared to about one in 12 white students† (Spencer, 2004). Yet, when education officials like Randy McCoy, who is the Tupelo Superintendent, are confronted with these figures, they are quick to point out that students of all races do well and students of all races do not do well.   The fear seems to be that teachers will be accused of teaching students of different races differently.   Yet, Mike Walters, who is a former Tupelo Superintendent, agrees that the achievement gap is due to a difference in expectations. He points to the strongest teachers and notes that their students, regardless of race and socioeconomic status, achieve.   Walters offers, â€Å"We are not expecting students to achieve, and expectations are everything† ( Spencer, 2004).  Ã‚   The Tupelo district is about 65 % white with most students from lower income homes.   Its scores have held steady in the low 80% passing range with an odd surge into the mid 90s in 2003 (â€Å"Mississippi DOE Test Data†).   JBHM has recently started working with the Tupelo Municipal schools. (â€Å"Experience,† n.d.). One way Mississippi is trying to combat their ailing system is by restructuring its testing program.   In September of 2000, the Mississippi Board of Education (MBOE) approved State Board Policy IHF-1.   IHF-1 changed the graduation requirements beginning with the freshman class entering in 2000.   Among the requirements was to pass the subject area test English II, generally administered in the 10th grade.   Thus, the first available scores for the class entering in 2000 were recorded in 2001 (â€Å"MBOE,† 2000).   This group was expected to graduate in 2004. Another way is by hiring a local educational consulting group to help them work with curriculum.   Former Tupelo Superintendent, Mike Walters is now a consultant with the JBHM Education Group in Jackson.   JBHM is a general consulting agency that also operates the JBHM Education Group, LLC.    This group was opened in 2000 as â€Å"an educational management services company with a mission of assisting school communities in their efforts to better organize themselves, and, in turn give the families the support needed to ensure the success of their children† (â€Å"Services,† n.d.).   According to the group, the consults go into the schools and analyze the areas of need as specified by the hiring body.   They then, if directed, design a curriculum fashioned after Robert Marzano’s â€Å"viable curriculum,† one of his eleven factors of student achievement (Marzano, 2003) JBHM’s mission was developed by Mike Walters and cofounder Gary Bailey.   It is simply â€Å"to enhance a school’s ability to prepare children for success† (Vickers, 2005. p. 3).   JBHM has focused recently on developing curriculums for algebra, biology, English, United Sates history and middle school math.   Walters says, â€Å"These are highly-structured, full-blown plans that start with day one and go through the end of the school year† (Vickers, 2005, p. 3) JBHM, as of their most recent website posting, serves 34 school districts in Mississippi.   The do work in other states, including their contract deal of March 2006 totaling 1.6 million dollars to work with the Caddo School District in Louisiana (Brumble, 2006).   They achieved this contract by boasting statistics that ninety percent of the schools they assisted showed a rise in test scores (Brumble, 2006).   Undoubtedly numerous Mississippi schools are on this list. According to the Mississippi Board of Education Agenda from September 10, 2004, a contract was approved with the JBHM Education Group to â€Å"assist in providing technical assistance to implement the school improvement process in Priority Schools (â€Å"MBOE,† 2004).   As explained in a news release dated December of 2004, â€Å"Schools that do not meet achievement goals or show expected academic improvement receive a ranking of Level I (Low Performing) with the lowest of these deemed ‘Priority Schools’ †Ã‚   (â€Å"Town Meetings†¦, 2004). Part of the new Board Policy IHF-1 makes passing the English II test required for graduation for the graduating class of 2004, who were first tested in 2000/2001 school year. These first scores were used for developing scale scores, according to the Mississippi Statewide Testing Program website. The English II test, which replaces the previous language and reading tests mentioned in earlier, has been consistently difficult for low achieving schools in Mississippi.   Betty Rose Breazeeale, the Lamar County testing coordinator, agreed by saying that she recognized the need to work on the English II, adding that â€Å"It is our lowest score, and I think that’s a statewide problem† (Mees, 2005).   According to the Mississippi Department of Education Subject Area Content Test website, the English II test   measures knowledge of language conventions, reading comprehension and effective writing skills†¦The test consists of two separate administration:   English II Multiple Choice and English II Writing†¦The 85 multiple-choice, passage-based items are divided into two sections:   Language Conventions and Reading Comprehension.   The writing test includes four writing prompts – two narrative mode prompts and two informative mode prompts.   Students will select and respond to one of the narrative prompts and one of the informative prompts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even though the MBOE approved the contract for JBHM to consult in Priority Schools statewide in 2004, some districts had already contracted its services well before then.   These districts paid for the services themselves through grants or other local funding mechanisms.   The Tunica school board hired JBHM Education Group for the 2000/2001 school year (Hayden 2002).   The Hinds district is actually featured on the JBHM Education Group website, boasting its rise in scores from 2001 to 2003.   Others, like the North Bolivar and Neshoba joined the club as a result of the Priority School initiative administered by the MBOE.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All scores on the English II tests may be compared to the figures reported on the Mississippi Statewide Testing Program website administered by the MDOE.   They report figures for 2002 as 70% passing the multiple choice reading and 84% passing the narrative/informative writing test.   In 2003 these percentages rose to 78 and 94 respectively, and settled into 85% and 84% narrative/89% informative for 2004.   It should be noted that in 2004, the state began reporting the writing portion of the test as two separate scores, listing the narrative first, then the informative.   Analysis seems to indicate that scores dropped slightly when this shift took place with the greater drop being in the narrative score (â€Å"MDOE Test Data†). One of the first schools to take advantage of the JBHM consultants, the Hinds AHS school is worthy of its spot on the JBHM website.   Hinds County School District is a fairly large district.   Hinds AHS is described as a rural, integrated school with an average to below-average socio-economic base (â€Å"Hinds AHS,†Ã‚   2006). Beginning with passing rates at only 18% on the English II multiple choice test and 40% on the writing portion when JBHM came aboard, they jumped to 22%   and 55% respectively in one year and, from there, to 77% and 92% respectively in the second year ( â€Å"MDOE Test Data†) . For the county itself, which contains seventeen high schools in the area of Clinton,   Mississippi, the scores went from passing rates of 72% (reading) and 75% (writing) in 2001 to an 81% in reading and a an 83% in writing (â€Å"Mississippi Test Data†).   In the JBHM-operated school (Hinds AHS), more remarkable gains were noted, while other high schools showed less of an improvement.   It is hard to deny Hind AHS’s phenomenal rises in English II scores.   They started out well below the rest of the county and ended up with a passing rate higher than the district average. The Tunica district, an even more rural, plantation area of Mississippi has a past that is â€Å"rooted in Tunica’s plantation lifestyle and its racial separatism. Tunica is a tiny white island in a majority black county† (Parker, 2002).   Ã‚  Rose Fort High school, associated with JBHM since the onset of the new testing requirements, is comprised of extremely poor black students with only 1 % white and 1% other racial students (â€Å"Rose Fort High,† 2006).   JBHM director Mike Walters recognizes how Tunica’s social issues are reflected in its education when he says, â€Å"Tunica is in a community-building stage right now.   They are divided racially still.   You can’t just dump money in a community like that and expect things to happen.   It’s going to take a long, long time. (Hayden 2002).   Despite its circumstances, however, this single Tunica high school has also made some significant gains in English II scores.   The data was not recorded for 2001, but the 2002 scores of 33% passing on the multiple choice portion and the 57% passing on the writing portion jumped to 54% and 83% respectively in only one year (â€Å"MDOE Test Data†).   Again, the advances are astounding. Lamar school district also serves a rural county.   It, like Tunica, far exceeds the state average of students on free and reduced lunch, which is generally the yardstick for measuring the socioeconomic population of a school.  Ã‚   The only difference is that students in Lamar are predominantly white.     Only one high school of the four reflects a more integrated population (â€Å"Lamar High Schools, † 2006).   Their English II scores have shown growth as well.   The reading and writing scores have risen from the 87 and 89 percent passing to highs of 92 and 95 percent passing in two years with an odd dip in the reading multiply choice scores in 2004. (â€Å"MDOE Test Data†).   Even though Lamar began in a less desperate situation, its gains with the help of consultants are also significant.   Though the percentage gain seems less impressive, most educators realize that gains like this are harder to achieve as students scores improve and that each subsequent gain is definitely cause for celebration. Neshoba school district located in Philadelphia, Mississippi, is a more integrated district that has shown gains through the use of consulting.   Classified as a small town district, the students in Neshoba’s four high schools are more integrated than those in Lamar or Tunica . While more students than the state average qualify for free or reduced lunch, they are socioeconomically better off than Lamar or Tunica students (â€Å"Neshoba County,† 2006). Paid for by a NCLB grant, JBHM began consulting in Neshoba County for the current, 2005/2006, school year to aid primarily with English II and Algebra I in its high schools (Edwards, 2006). The county’s English II scores in 2002 were 67% passing in reading and 76 % passing in writing.   The scores rose in 2003 to 85% and 89% respectively, but then in 2004 rose to an 89% in reading but fell to 86 % in writing (â€Å"MDOE Test Data†).   Some schools fared worse than others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The system hopes to post scores in the 90s with the consulting firm if the teacher can get on board.   Joey Blount, principal of Neshoba Central High School, admits to Edwards that the presence of the consultants and the frequent observations make his teachers nervous.   â€Å"Anytime you’ve got people coming to observe your work, it’s going to be an uncomfortable situation† (Edwards, 2006).   Superintendent for curriculum and instruction Beth Jackson concurs.   â€Å"Change can be very difficult for a lot of people, but in some areas we needed change.   We weren’t happy with our test scores.   I think they (the teachers) realize we needed to change, but some are better at it than others (Edwards, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Likewise, the administrators in Moss Point and Meridian Schools are also impressed.   Tressie Harper, Moss Point Superintendent, is proud of the gains made in her students’ English II scores.   Moss Point has been working with JBHM since 2003 and in that time has noticed a steady increase in reading scores from 55% in 2002 to 60% in 2003 to 63% in 2004 (Vickers, 2005 and â€Å"MDOE Test Data†) to 75% in 2005 (â€Å"Moss Point High School,† 2005). As in Neshoba and Lamar, the writing scores seemed the most erratic rising from 74% to 91% to 71% to 75% in the same four years (â€Å"MDOE Test Data† and â€Å"Moss Point High School,† 2005).   Perhaps this could be explained by the aforementioned change in the reporting of writing test scores in 2004.   It is possible that the focus of the test shifted slightly at that point as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Likewise, the single Meridian high school shows similar improvement in English II with a three year rise in percentage passing scores from 2002 to 2004 from 57 to 74 to 77.  Ã‚   The writing scores showed a similar rise (â€Å"MDOE Test Data†).   Sylvia Autry, Meridian Public School Superintendent claims that she has worked with several educational consultants and that JBHM has been the â€Å"most focused† (Vickers, 2005, p. 3).   Both Moss Point and Meridian are characterized by a slightly higher black than white student body with the majority on free and reduced lunch (â€Å"Moss Point High School, † 2006)   and â€Å"Meridian High School†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   North Bolivar is another recent addition to JBHM’s client list.   A year ago, the MBOE asked the Governor to deem the North Bolivar School District a state of emergency.   This designation is reserved for school districts that have over half of the schools meeting Priority School status.   State Superintendent Hand Bounds issued to investigations and concluded that the students’ needs were not being met (â€Å"Mississippi Board†¦,† 2005). North Bolivar is an exceptionally poor small town district which is 97% black.  Ã‚   Its reading scores have barely reached 80% (â€Å"MDOE Test Data†).   Score released in 2006 will tell whether or not JBHM will be successful there.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clearly JBHM consulting or any consulting agency is not necessary for all school districts.   Wealthier more urban areas such as Jackson and Laurel counties consistently post English II scores in the high 80s high 90s.   However, when one compares the multiple choice   scores of Hinds AHS (77% reading), whose population is significantly more challenging based on socioeconomic factors, to Jackson’s (85% reading) , the aforementioned achievement gap appears to be closing. The exact role that JBHM plays in this factor is undetermined since all factors cannot be factored in statistically.   For example, the threats of school closings and consolidations due to a lack of funds plague systems across the country as will as in Mississippi.   One mother in Lamar district commented about the dip in Lamar’s 2004 reading scores; â€Å"They [the students and teachers)] went through so much with the school closings†¦Everybody here was upset. The teachers were upset. If it weren’t for that fear, the scores probably would have been just as good as last year [2003]† (Mees, 2005). In addition, the 2005 hurricane season devastate education in many parts of Mississippi. About 160,000 students in 271 public schools in 44 school districts in the path of the hurricane have been impacted, said Steve Williams, special assistant to the state superintendents. State Superintendent Bounds said that some schools were unable to have classes for 2-3 months.   Some schools were completely destroyed (Hayden, 2005).   Clearly this crisis would impact test scores at all levels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One thing is clear.   Schools are in need of support services from somewhere.   Initial data seems to indicate that consulting firms, while not the perfect answer, do provide the structured support that some schools need.   Their exorbitant costs will be prohibitive for some school districts, but perhaps with grant programs, they may still benefit from their services.   As the first decade in 2000 pulls to a close, school reform will be steadily underway.   The extent of the change and the consultant’s role in it remain uncertain, but hopeful. References Brumble, Melody. (2006).   â€Å"Caddo School Board Debates Merits of Consulting Proposal.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Shreveport Times.   Retrieved March 29, 2006 from www.shreveporttimes.com/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Apps/pbcs.dll/article?Date=20060321&Category=NEWS†¦. Edwards, Jeff.   (2006).   â€Å"Neshoba Schools Employ Consultant to Improve Scores.†Ã‚   The   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Neshoba Democrat.   Retrieved March 28, 2006 from www.neshobademocrat.com/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   print.asp? ArticleID=12190&SectionID=2&Subsectional. â€Å"Experience.†Ã‚   JBHM Education Group, LLC.   Retrieved on March 26, 2006, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.jbhm-edgroup.com/experience Hayden, Cathy. (2002). â€Å"Schools and More Money:   Plenty of lessons learned.†Ã‚   The Clarion- Ledger. Retrieved on March 29, 2006, from http://orig.clarionledger.com/news/0210/14/m01.html. Hayden, Cathy.   (2005).   â€Å"Angry Parents Want Shelby Schools Chief Fired.† The Clarion-Ledger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved March 30, 2006 from http://www.clarionledger.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article? AID=/20051113/NEWS/511130388/1†¦. â€Å"Hinds AHS.† (2006).   SchoolTree.Org.     Retrieved March 30, 2006, from,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://mississippi.schooltree.org/counties-page1.html Keller, Bess. (2006).   â€Å"Florida Ready to Demand Bonuses Based on Test Scores.†Ã‚   Education   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Week.   Retrieved March 30, 2006 from http://www.edweek.org/agentk-12articles2006/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   02/22/24fla.h25.html?print=1. â€Å"Lamar High Schools.† (2006).   SchoolTree.Org.     Retrieved March 30, 2006, from,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://mississippi.schooltree.org/counties-page1.html Marzano, Robert J.   (2003). â€Å"11 Factors.†Ã‚   What Works in Schools.   Retrieved March 30, 2006   from   http://www.whatworksinschools.org/factors.cfm. Mees, Reuben. (2005).   â€Å"Area Schools Show Mixed Results on Tests.† Hattiesburg American. Retrieved March 29, 2006, from http://www.hattiesburgamerican.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050818/NEWS01/50 8180301/1002&template=printart. â€Å"Meridian High School.† (2006).   SchoolTree.Org.     Retrieved March 30, 2006, from,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://mississippi.schooltree.org/counties-page1.html â€Å"Mississippi Assessment and Accountability Reporting System.† (2006)   Mississippi Department of Education.   Retrieved March 30, 2006,   from http://orsap.mde.k12.ms.us:8080/MAARS/indexProcessor.jsp. Mississippi Board of Education.   (2000).   Graduation Requirements. (State Board Policy IHF-1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New Graduation Requirements).   Retrieved March 29, 2006, from http:///www.mde.k12. Ms.us/ACAD/ID/newgrad.html. Mississippi Board of Education. (2004).   Agenda. Jackson, MS:   4th Floor Boardroom Central High. â€Å"Mississippi Board of Education Approves Asking Governor to Declare State of Emergency in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   North Bolivar School District.† News Release. (2005). Mississippi State Board of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Education.   Jackson, MS:   Communications Dept. MBOE. â€Å"Mississippi Department of Education Test Data Retrieval System.†Ã‚   (2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mississippi Department of Education.   Retrieved March 29, 2006, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.mde.k12.ms.us/ACAD/TD04/S9D3LST.HTM. â€Å"Moss Point High School.† (2005).   Great Schools.Net Retrieved March 28, 2006 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.greatschools.net/modperl/achievement/ms/649 â€Å"Moss Point High School.† (2006).   SchoolTree.Org.     Retrieved March 30, 2006, from,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://mississippi.schooltree.org/counties-page1.html â€Å"Neshoba County.† (2006).   SchoolTree.Org.     Retrieved March 30, 2006, from,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://mississippi.schooltree.org/counties-page1.html Parker, Laura.   (2002). â€Å"Abandoned Education:   Tunica’s schools struggle with leftovers and neglect.†Ã‚   APF Reporter 18 (2).   Retrieved March 30, 2006 from www.aliciapatterson.org/APF1802.html Pipho, Chris. (1994). â€Å"Taxes, School Boards, and Higher Education.†Ã‚   Phi Delta Kappan 75 (5),   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   358-359. â€Å"Rose Fort High.† (2006).   SchoolTree.Org.     Retrieved March 30, 2006, from,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://mississippi.schooltree.org/counties-page1.html Sheffer, Hadass.   (2002).   Careers in Educational Counseling.†Ã‚   The Chronicle of Higher   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Education.   Retrieved March 28, 2006, from http://chronicle.com/jobs/news/2002/06/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2002062801c/printable.html. â€Å"Services.†Ã‚   JBHM Education Group, LLC.   Retrieved on March 26, 2006, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.jbhm-edgroup.com/services Spencer, Mack.   (2004).   â€Å"Achievement Gap.†Ã‚   Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved March 30, 2006 from http://www.djournal.com/pages/story.asp?ID   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   =59381&pub=1. â€Å"Town Meetings Scheduled for Priority Schools† News Release. (2004). Mississippi State Board   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of Education.   Jackson, MS:   Communications Dept. MBOE. â€Å"Vermont Named Smartest State.† (2005).   Results of the 2005 Smartest State Awards.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved March 30, 2006, from http://www.morganquitno.com/edpress.htm Vickers, Harriet S. (2005) â€Å"Educational Consultant Business Sees Fast-Paced Growth:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘Employees have bought into our mission,’ says JBHM Education Group president.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mississippi Business Journal 27 (19), 3. Vine, Phyllis.   (1997).   â€Å"To Market, To Market†¦The School Business Sells Kids Short.† The Nation 265 (7), 11-16.